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Endometrial (womb) cancer

Carcinoma endometrii · Rakovina děložní sliznice (endometria)

female only

What it is

The commonest gynaecological cancer in rich countries, driven by oestrogen unopposed by progesterone — obesity is the main risk.

Symptoms & signs

  • Bleeding after menopause
  • bleeding between periods
  • watery or bloody discharge
  • pelvic pain in late disease

🚩 Get help if…

  • call 112 / 911 now Heavy bleeding with dizziness or fainting
  • see a doctor soon Any bleeding after the menopause
  • see a doctor soon Bleeding between periods or after sex
  • see a doctor soon Pelvic pain or a watery, bloody discharge

Where it strikes

Medical treatment

  • Transvaginal ultrasound and endometrial biopsy
  • hysterectomy with both ovaries and tubes
  • radiotherapy or brachytherapy
  • chemotherapy with dostarlimab or pembrolizumab in advanced disease
  • a progestogen IUD for early disease when fertility is wanted
  • lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab — approved (FDA, EMA 2021) for advanced disease after platinum chemotherapy when mismatch repair is intact

Natural & lifestyle

  • Weight loss (the largest modifiable risk)
  • physical activity
  • the pill and IUDs lower the risk

Emerging & experimental

  • Molecular classification guiding treatment (POLE, p53, MMR)
  • sentinel lymph-node mapping

Alternative, off-label & anecdotal

Approaches used outside the guidelines, with what their supporters report and what testing has found so far.

  • Metformin — lab and early trials suggest anti-cancer activity in obese women early / small studies
  • Coffee — linked with lower risk in observational studies mixed evidence
  • High-dose vitamin C infusions — lab studies; untested in endometrial cancer anecdotal / traditional
  • Soy isoflavones — observational links to lower risk; untested as treatment anecdotal / traditional

ICD codes