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Male infertility

Infertilitas masculina · Mužská neplodnost

male only

What it is

Half of all infertility involves a male factor.

Symptoms & signs

  • No symptoms other than not conceiving
  • small testes
  • varicocele
  • low ejaculate volume

🚩 Get help if…

  • call 112 / 911 now Sudden severe pain in a testicle
  • see a doctor soon A lump or hard area in a testicle
  • see a doctor soon Very small or soft testicles or loss of body hair
  • see a doctor soon Dragging ache with swollen veins in the scrotum

Where it strikes

Medical treatment

  • Semen analysis
  • varicocele repair
  • hormonal treatment
  • surgical sperm retrieval
  • ICSI

Natural & lifestyle

  • Stop smoking and cannabis
  • cool the scrotum (no laptop on lap)
  • weight loss
  • antioxidants (CoQ10, zinc, selenium, folate) — no more live births in the large trials not confirmed in trials
  • reduce alcohol
  • treat heat exposure

Emerging & experimental

  • Sperm DNA fragmentation testing
  • in-vitro spermatogenesis
  • microfluidic sperm selection

Alternative, off-label & anecdotal

Approaches used outside the guidelines, with what their supporters report and what testing has found so far.

  • Antioxidant supplements — the large MOXI trial found no rise in pregnancies not confirmed in trials
  • Ashwagandha — small trials improved sperm counts early / small studies
  • Acupuncture — small trials early / small studies

ICD codes