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Short and long sight (refractive error)

Ametropia (myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatismus) · Krátkozrakost a dalekozrakost (refrakční vada)

What it is

The eye focuses in front of the retina (myopia) or behind it (hyperopia), or unevenly (astigmatism).

Symptoms & signs

  • Blurred distance or near vision
  • squinting
  • headaches
  • eye strain
  • difficulty reading road signs or small print

🚩 Get help if…

  • call 112 / 911 now Sudden loss or blurring of sight in one or both eyes
  • see a doctor soon Sudden flashes, new floaters or a dark curtain in your vision
  • see a doctor soon A child who squints, tilts the head or has one eye turning
  • see a doctor soon Sight that keeps getting worse despite new glasses

Where it strikes

Medical treatment

  • Glasses
  • contact lenses
  • LASIK or SMILE laser surgery
  • implantable collamer lens
  • atropine 0.01% drops to slow childhood myopia
  • orthokeratology lenses — FDA-approved for overnight myopia correction

Natural & lifestyle

  • Two hours outdoors a day lowers children's chance of becoming short-sighted
  • 20-20-20 screen rule
  • good reading light
  • regular sight tests

Emerging & experimental

  • Repeated low-level red-light therapy
  • myopia-control spectacle lenses (DIMS)

Alternative, off-label & anecdotal

Approaches used outside the guidelines, with what their supporters report and what testing has found so far.

  • Bates-method eye exercises — trials found no change in the eye's focus not confirmed in trials
  • Pinhole glasses — sharpen by narrowing the light, at the cost of brightness and field anecdotal / traditional

ICD codes