Type 1 diabetes

Diabetes mellitus typus 1 · Diabetes 1. typu

What it is

The immune system destroys insulin-making beta cells; insulin becomes mandatory.

call 112 / 911 now Vomiting, tummy pain, deep fast breathing or fruity breath
call 112 / 911 now A hypo that doesn't respond to sugar, or too drowsy to swallow
see a doctor soon Ketones 1.5 mmol/l or higher, or sugar staying above 15 mmol/l
see a doctor soon A foot sore, or a sudden change in vision

Basal-bolus insulin or pump
continuous glucose monitoring
hybrid closed-loop systems
carbohydrate counting
ketoacidosis protocols
teplizumab — FDA-approved 2022; delays onset in at-risk relatives by about two years

Approaches used outside the guidelines, with what their supporters report and what testing has found so far.

BCG vaccination (Faustman) — a small study reported lower HbA1c years later; a larger trial did not confirm it mixed evidence
Vitamin D and omega-3 soon after diagnosis — observational data and small trials of preserved insulin production early / small studies
Very-low-carbohydrate diet (Bernstein method) — patients report steadier glucose; small studies; watch for lows and ketosis early / small studies
Herbal 'cures' that promise to replace insulin — none work; stopping insulin leads to ketoacidosis and death anecdotal / traditional