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Valve disease (stenosis & regurgitation)

Vitium cordis valvulare · Chlopenní vady (stenóza a regurgitace)

What it is

A valve narrows or leaks; the heart works harder until it fails.

Symptoms & signs

  • Breathlessness
  • chest pain
  • fainting on exertion
  • murmur
  • fatigue
  • swelling

🚩 Get help if…

  • call 112 / 911 now Fainting or chest pain on exertion
  • call 112 / 911 now Sudden severe breathlessness or pink frothy cough
  • see a doctor soon Fever lasting days with a known valve problem
  • see a doctor soon Breathlessness, tiredness or ankle swelling getting worse

Where it strikes

Medical treatment

  • Echo surveillance
  • surgical valve replacement or repair
  • TAVI for aortic stenosis
  • transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral repair (MitraClip)
  • anticoagulation for mechanical valves
  • transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement (EVOQUE) — FDA-approved 2024

Natural & lifestyle

  • Endocarditis prevention with dental hygiene
  • blood-pressure control
  • activity guided by symptoms

Emerging & experimental

  • Transcatheter mitral replacement
  • tissue-engineered valves that grow with children

Alternative, off-label & anecdotal

Approaches used outside the guidelines, with what their supporters report and what testing has found so far.

  • Vitamin K2 to slow valve calcification — plausible, but trials in aortic stenosis found no slowing not confirmed in trials
  • Lp(a) and phosphate lowering — early studies of slower calcification early / small studies

ICD codes