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Nephrotic syndrome

Syndroma nephroticum · Nefrotický syndrom

What it is

Massive protein loss in urine leaves the blood low on albumin.

Symptoms & signs

  • Severe swelling (face, legs, belly)
  • frothy urine
  • weight gain from fluid
  • infections
  • clotting risk

🚩 Get help if…

  • call 112 / 911 now Sudden breathlessness or chest pain (clot in the lung)
  • call 112 / 911 now Fever with a hard, painful belly
  • see a doctor soon Painful swollen calf or leg
  • see a doctor soon Rapid weight gain or swelling spreading to belly or face

Where it strikes

Medical treatment

  • Steroids
  • calcineurin inhibitors
  • rituximab
  • diuretics
  • ACE inhibitor
  • anticoagulation if albumin very low

Natural & lifestyle

  • Salt restriction
  • fluid management
  • pneumococcal vaccination

Emerging & experimental

  • Anti-PLA2R therapies
  • sparsentan
  • complement blockade

Alternative, off-label & anecdotal

Approaches used outside the guidelines, with what their supporters report and what testing has found so far.

  • Levamisole in children — steroid-sparing in trials mixed evidence
  • Tripterygium wilfordii (thunder god vine) — Chinese trials; toxic early / small studies

ICD codes