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Kidney cancer

Carcinoma renis · Rakovina ledviny

What it is

Often found by chance on a scan done for something else.

Symptoms & signs

  • Blood in urine
  • flank pain
  • a mass
  • weight loss and fever
  • frequently silent until large

🚩 Get help if…

  • call 112 / 911 now Heavy bleeding in the urine with clots or unable to pass urine
  • see a doctor soon Blood in the urine, even once and without pain
  • see a doctor soon A lump or constant pain in the side
  • see a doctor soon Weight loss, night sweats or fever without a cause

Where it strikes

Medical treatment

  • Partial or radical nephrectomy
  • ablation for small tumours
  • immunotherapy combinations (pembrolizumab + axitinib)
  • targeted TKIs
  • active surveillance for small masses
  • adjuvant pembrolizumab after surgery — approved 2021–22; longer survival in KEYNOTE-564
  • belzutifan (HIF-2α inhibitor) — FDA-approved for VHL-related tumours (2021) and advanced cancer after other drugs (2023)

Natural & lifestyle

  • Stop smoking
  • blood-pressure and weight control
  • attend imaging follow-up

Emerging & experimental

  • Belzutifan combinations (in trials)

Alternative, off-label & anecdotal

Approaches used outside the guidelines, with what their supporters report and what testing has found so far.

  • Exercise before surgery — small trials of better recovery early / small studies
  • Fenbendazole — anecdotal; no human trials anecdotal / traditional

ICD codes